Maternal opioid use during pregnancy is a growing national problem and can lead to newborns developing neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome soon after birth. Recent data demonstrates that nearly every 15 min a baby is born in the United States suffering from NOWS. The primary treatment for NOWS is opioid replacement therapy, commonly oral morphine, which has neurotoxic effects on the developing brain. There is an urgent need for non-opioid treatments for NOWS. Transcutaneous auricular neurostimulation, a novel and non-invasive form of (...) electrostimulation, may serve as a promising alternative to morphine. tAN is delivered via a multichannel earpiece electrode worn on and around the left ear, targeting two cranial nerves—the vagus and trigeminal nerves. Prior research suggests that auricular neurostimulation exerts an anxiolytic effect on the body by releasing endogenous opioids and reduces withdrawal symptoms in adults actively withdrawing from opioids. In this first-in-human prospective, open-label trial, we investigated tAN as an adjuvant to morphine therapy in eight infants >33 weeks gestational age suffering from NOWS and receiving oral morphine treatment. Infants received tAN for 30 min 1 h before receiving a morphine dose. tAN was delivered at 0.1 mA below perception intensity at two different nerve targets on the ear: Region 1, the auricular branch of the vagus nerve; and Region 2, the auriculotemporal nerve. tAN was delivered up to four times daily for a maximum of 12 days. The primary outcome measures were safety [heart rate monitoring, Neonatal Infant Pain Scale, and skin irritation] and morphine length of treatment. tAN was well-tolerated and resulted in no unanticipated adverse events. Comparing to the national average of 23 days, the average oral morphine LOT was 13.3 days and the average LOT after tAN initiation was 7 days. These preliminary data suggest that tAN is safe and may serve as a promising alternative adjuvant for treating NOWS and reducing the amount of time an infant receives oral morphine. (shrink)

Envy is sometimes suggested as an underlying motive in the assessment of different economic allocations. In the theoretical literature on fair division, following Foley [Foley, D. (1967), Yale Economic Essays, 7, 45–98], the term “envy” refers to an intrapersonal comparison of different consumption bundles. By contrast, in its everyday use “envy” involves interpersonal comparisons of well-being. We present, discuss results from free-form bargaining experiments on fair division problems in which inter-and intrapersonal criteria can be distinguished. We find that interpersonal comparisons (...) play the dominant role. The effect of the intrapersonal criterion of envy freeness is limited to situations in which other fairness criteria are not applicable. (shrink)

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between (...) studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. (shrink)

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between (...) studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. (shrink)

The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants monitors the misconduct of its members using the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. To accomplish this task, the AICPA relies on various stakeholders to report known violations of its CPC. We examine the full population of sanctions imposed by the AICPA on its members under its CPC from 2008–2013 to identify recent trends in the misconduct of accounting professionals. While we find that multiple stakeholders identify and report violations, we also find that the (...) most common types of violations remain consistent with those reported in the 1990s. Further, we develop a taxonomy based on prior accounting literature to determine whether the AICPA CPC is being enforced to defend the public interest and/or the private interests of the accounting profession. In contrast to prior studies, our results suggest that as the accounting profession emerges from a recession and period of intense public scrutiny, the AICPA CPC is largely being enforced to defend the public interest. This public interest focus was most pronounced during the recessionary years of 2008–2010, as evident from misconduct reported by parties such as the Internal Revenue Service, Securities and Exchange Commission, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and state boards of accountancy. Although key stakeholders have recently focused on reporting misconduct that threatens the public interest, we believe there are still areas in need of improvement, especially around the level of detail provided in the AICPA’s sanction records. We propose some possible solutions to improve public transparency. (shrink)

This is an open-access introductory logic textbook, prepared by Jonathan Ichikawa, based on P.D. Magnus's forallx. This (v2.0, July 2020) is intended as a stable, ready-for-teaching edition.

SummaryIntense, sustained nursing lengthens inter-birth intervals and is causally linked with low natural fertility. However, in traditional settings, the effects of such nursing on fertility are difficult to disentangle from those of nutrition. Results from an prospective, direct observational study of reproductive function in well-nourished Amele women who nurse intensively and persistently but who also have high fertility are here presented. Endocrine measures show that ovarian activity resumes by median 11·0 months postpartum. Median duration of postpartum amenorrhoea is 11·3 months, (...) time to next conception is 19·0 months, and the inter-birth interval is 28·0 months. Average life time fertility is 6·8. High fertility in Amele women is due both to refractoriness of reproductive function to suckling stimuli, and to maintenance of equivalent age-specific fertility rates across the reproductive life span. (shrink)

This volume explores how Catholicism began and continues to open its doors to the wider world and to other confessions in embracing ecumenism, thanks to the vision and legacy of the Second Vatican Council. It explores such themes as the twentieth century context preceding the council; parallels between Vatican II and previous councils; its distinctively pastoral character; the legacy of the council in relation to issues such as church-world dynamics, as well as to ethics, social justice, economic activity. Several chapters (...) discuss the role of women in the church before, during, and since the council. Others discern inculturation in relation to Vatican II. The book also contains a wide and original range of ecumenical considerations of the council, including by and in relation to Free Church, Reformed, Orthodox, and Anglican perspectives. Finally, it considers the Council’s ongoing promise and remaining challenges with regard to ecumenical issues, including a groundbreaking essay on the future of ecumenical dialogue by Cardinal Walter Kasper. (shrink)

Aristotle's Politics is widely recognized as one of the classics of the history of political philosophy, and like every other such masterpiece, it is a work about which there is deep division.

Les princesses participaient pleinement à la mobilité qui caractérisait le mode de vie et l'habitus de la haute noblesse à l'époque moderne. La plupart du temps délaissés par les études sur le voyage ou considérés comme de simples “ affaires de famille ” dépourvues de toute importance sociale ou politique, les voyages de princesses revêtaient, au contraire, un caractère hautement politique. Dans la haute noblesse, les femmes qui visitaient des cours différentes, jouaient un rôle clé pour les relations extérieures d'une (...) maison au même titre que les voyageurs hommes. La fonction politique du voyage allait souvent de pair avec de nombreux transferts culturels, destinés à augmenter le prestige et le rang d'une cour. Les voyages de princesses laissaient ainsi des marques durables sur la vie de cour et, au-delà, sur la société de leur pays d'origine. (shrink)

Les princesses participaient pleinement à la mobilité qui caractérisait le mode de vie et l'habitus de la haute noblesse à l'époque moderne. La plupart du temps délaissés par les études sur le voyage ou considérés comme de simples “ affaires de famille ” dépourvues de toute importance sociale ou politique, les voyages de princesses revêtaient, au contraire, un caractère hautement politique. Dans la haute noblesse, les femmes qui visitaient des cours différentes, jouaient un rôle clé pour les relations extérieures d'une (...) maison au même titre que les voyageurs hommes. La fonction politique du voyage allait souvent de pair avec de nombreux transferts culturels, destinés à augmenter le prestige et le rang d'une cour. Les voyages de princesses laissaient ainsi des marques durables sur la vie de cour et, au-delà, sur la société de leur pays d'origine. (shrink)

Since the Kierkegaard Studies Monograph Series (KSMS) was first published in 1997, it has served as the authoritative book series in the field. Starting from 2011 the Kierkegaard Studies Monograph Series will intensify the peer-review process with a new editorial and advisory board. KSMS is published on behalf of the Søren Kierkegaard Research Centre at the University of Copenhagen. KSMS publishes outstanding monographs in all fields of Kierkegaard research. This includes Ph.D. dissertations, Habilitation theses, conference proceedings and single author works (...) by senior scholars. The goal of KSMS is to advance Kierkegaard studies by encouraging top-level scholarship in the field. The editorial and advisory boards are deeply committed to creating a genuinely international forum for publication which integrates the many different traditions of Kierkegaard studies and brings them into a constructive and fruitful dialogue. To this end the series publishes monographs in English and German. Potential authors should consult the Submission guidelines. All submissions will be blindly refereed by established scholars in the field. Only high-quality manuscripts will be accepted for publication. Potential authors should be prepared to make changes to their texts based on the comments received by the referees. (shrink)

This book updates and adds to the classic Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies, showing how social movement theory has grown and changed.

Philosophie de la structure, philosophie de l’événement La critique deleuzienne de la phénoménologieDans son essai sur la peinture de Francis Bacon, Gilles Deleuze affirme résolument que le corps vécu de la phénoménologie est trop faible pour être à la mesure de la puissance presque incroyable du “corps sans organes”. “L’hypothèse phénoménologique est insuffisante” parce qu’elle n’invoque “que le corps vécu”, écrit-il, alors que le corps sans organes, lui, se porte à la limite même du corps vécu. Cette thèse semble nous (...) inviter à choisir entre deux conceptions du corps, celle de la phénoménologie et celle de Deleuze : un corps vécu et un corps presque incroyable. Mais sur quelle base pouvons-nous choisir? L’une de deux thèses est-elle clairement vraie et l’autre fausse? Nous verrons que Merleau-Ponty use d’un modèle fondé sur la mécanique des ondes systémiques, et que le modèle classique ou newtonien de Deleuze construit l’image d’une réalité physique absolue et pose ensuite que les structures perceptives sont simplement des manifestations ou des projections de cette fondation ontologique fondamentale. Mais le concept phénoménologique de “forme” indique que, même si les lois de la réalité physique ne conceptualisent que le monde perçu, la référence à ce monde perçu reste néanmoins essentielle à la connaissance du monde physique.Filosofi a della struttura, fi losofi a dell’evento La critica di Deleuze alla fenomenologiaNella sua analisi della pittura di Francis Bacon, Gilles Deleuze afferma risolutamente che il corpo vissuto della fenomenologia è insignificante, rispetto al potere quasi invivibile del corpo senz’organi. L’ipotesi fenomenologica è insufficiente perché si limita al corpo vissuto, mentre il corpo senz’organi sorge al confine estremo del corpo vissuto. Questa rivendicazione ci invita apparentemente a scegliere tra le due concezioni del corpo: quello di Deleuze e quello della fenomenologia, un corpo vissuto ed uno pressocché invivibile. Ma su che base possiamo compiere questa scelta? Un corpo è evidentemente vero, e l’altro falso? Vedremo che Merleau-Ponty utilizza un modello derivato dalla fisica quantistica, e che il modello classico, o newtoniano, di Deleuze costruisce invece l’immagine di una realtà fisica assoluta e proporremo poi che le strutture percettive siano semplici manifestazioni o proiezioni di questo fondamento ontologico essenziale. Il concetto fenomenologico di forma indica, al contrario, che per quanto le leggi della realtà fisica concettulizzino il mondo percepito, il riferimento almondo percepito è essenziale e preliminare alla conoscenza del mondo fisico. (shrink)

Philosophie de la structure, philosophie de l’événement La critique deleuzienne de la phénoménologieDans son essai sur la peinture de Francis Bacon, Gilles Deleuze affirme résolument que le corps vécu de la phénoménologie est trop faible pour être à la mesure de la puissance presque incroyable du “corps sans organes”. “L’hypothèse phénoménologique est insuffisante” parce qu’elle n’invoque “que le corps vécu”, écrit-il, alors que le corps sans organes, lui, se porte à la limite même du corps vécu. Cette thèse semble nous (...) inviter à choisir entre deux conceptions du corps, celle de la phénoménologie et celle de Deleuze : un corps vécu et un corps presque incroyable. Mais sur quelle base pouvons-nous choisir? L’une de deux thèses est-elle clairement vraie et l’autre fausse? Nous verrons que Merleau-Ponty use d’un modèle fondé sur la mécanique des ondes systémiques, et que le modèle classique ou newtonien de Deleuze construit l’image d’une réalité physique absolue et pose ensuite que les structures perceptives sont simplement des manifestations ou des projections de cette fondation ontologique fondamentale. Mais le concept phénoménologique de “forme” indique que, même si les lois de la réalité physique ne conceptualisent que le monde perçu, la référence à ce monde perçu reste néanmoins essentielle à la connaissance du monde physique.Filosofi a della struttura, fi losofi a dell’evento La critica di Deleuze alla fenomenologiaNella sua analisi della pittura di Francis Bacon, Gilles Deleuze afferma risolutamente che il corpo vissuto della fenomenologia è insignificante, rispetto al potere quasi invivibile del corpo senz’organi. L’ipotesi fenomenologica è insufficiente perché si limita al corpo vissuto, mentre il corpo senz’organi sorge al confine estremo del corpo vissuto. Questa rivendicazione ci invita apparentemente a scegliere tra le due concezioni del corpo: quello di Deleuze e quello della fenomenologia, un corpo vissuto ed uno pressocché invivibile. Ma su che base possiamo compiere questa scelta? Un corpo è evidentemente vero, e l’altro falso? Vedremo che Merleau-Ponty utilizza un modello derivato dalla fisica quantistica, e che il modello classico, o newtoniano, di Deleuze costruisce invece l’immagine di una realtà fisica assoluta e proporremo poi che le strutture percettive siano semplici manifestazioni o proiezioni di questo fondamento ontologico essenziale. Il concetto fenomenologico di forma indica, al contrario, che per quanto le leggi della realtà fisica concettulizzino il mondo percepito, il riferimento almondo percepito è essenziale e preliminare alla conoscenza del mondo fisico. (shrink)

Philosophie de la structure, philosophie de l’événement La critique deleuzienne de la phénoménologieDans son essai sur la peinture de Francis Bacon, Gilles Deleuze affirme résolument que le corps vécu de la phénoménologie est trop faible pour être à la mesure de la puissance presque incroyable du “corps sans organes”. “L’hypothèse phénoménologique est insuffisante” parce qu’elle n’invoque “que le corps vécu”, écrit-il, alors que le corps sans organes, lui, se porte à la limite même du corps vécu. Cette thèse semble nous (...) inviter à choisir entre deux conceptions du corps, celle de la phénoménologie et celle de Deleuze : un corps vécu et un corps presque incroyable. Mais sur quelle base pouvons-nous choisir? L’une de deux thèses est-elle clairement vraie et l’autre fausse? Nous verrons que Merleau-Ponty use d’un modèle fondé sur la mécanique des ondes systémiques, et que le modèle classique ou newtonien de Deleuze construit l’image d’une réalité physique absolue et pose ensuite que les structures perceptives sont simplement des manifestations ou des projections de cette fondation ontologique fondamentale. Mais le concept phénoménologique de “forme” indique que, même si les lois de la réalité physique ne conceptualisent que le monde perçu, la référence à ce monde perçu reste néanmoins essentielle à la connaissance du monde physique.Filosofi a della struttura, fi losofi a dell’evento La critica di Deleuze alla fenomenologiaNella sua analisi della pittura di Francis Bacon, Gilles Deleuze afferma risolutamente che il corpo vissuto della fenomenologia è insignificante, rispetto al potere quasi invivibile del corpo senz’organi. L’ipotesi fenomenologica è insufficiente perché si limita al corpo vissuto, mentre il corpo senz’organi sorge al confine estremo del corpo vissuto. Questa rivendicazione ci invita apparentemente a scegliere tra le due concezioni del corpo: quello di Deleuze e quello della fenomenologia, un corpo vissuto ed uno pressocché invivibile. Ma su che base possiamo compiere questa scelta? Un corpo è evidentemente vero, e l’altro falso? Vedremo che Merleau-Ponty utilizza un modello derivato dalla fisica quantistica, e che il modello classico, o newtoniano, di Deleuze costruisce invece l’immagine di una realtà fisica assoluta e proporremo poi che le strutture percettive siano semplici manifestazioni o proiezioni di questo fondamento ontologico essenziale. Il concetto fenomenologico di forma indica, al contrario, che per quanto le leggi della realtà fisica concettulizzino il mondo percepito, il riferimento almondo percepito è essenziale e preliminare alla conoscenza del mondo fisico. (shrink)

In his 1997 book, Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again, Andy Clark advocates ‘embodied, active cognition,’ to discuss the manner in which an autonomous, embodied agent interacts with its environment. The implication is that since our minds as well as our bodies are matter, and otherwise nothing special, it is inevitable that we humans are natural born cyborgs and the human-machine interface will before long become completely transparent to the point of being invisible. In his critique of (...) causality, Merleau-Ponty distinguishes between mechanical actions and structure. What is significant in his argument is the idea of structure, specifically vital structure as mental calculation or as Merleau-Ponty calls it, nascent intelligibility. This leads to the possible conclusion that when human beings take up and utilize digital technology and even biotechnology, each living being measures the action of things upon itself and responds so as to delimit its milieu. Human engagement with technology is thus due to the fact that there is a network of significative intentions that are lived rather than due to the material nature of mind and body.Dans son livre de 1997 Being There : Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again, Andy Clark préconise la « cognition incarnée, active » pour discuter la manière selon laquelle un agent autonome, incarné, interagit avec son environnement. L’implication est la suivante : puisque nos esprits et nos corps sont matière, et par ailleurs rien de spécial, il est inévitable que nous, humains, soyons des cyborgs nés et que l’interface humain-machine devienne d’ici peu complètement transparente, au point de devenir invisible. Dans sa critique de la causalité, Merleau-Ponty distingue les actions mécaniques de la structure. Ce qui importe dans l’argument, c’est l’idée de structure, spécifiquement la structure vitale comme calcul mental ou comme Merleau-Ponty l’appelle : l’intelligibilité à l’état naissant. Ce qui mène à la conclusion possible selon laquelle, quand l’être humain prend et utilise une technologie digitale voire une biotechnologie, chaque être vivant mesure l’action des choses sur lui-même et réagit de façon à délimiter son milieu. L’engagement humain avec la technologie est alors dû au fait qu’il y ait un réseau d’intentions significatives qui sont vécues plutôt que causées par la nature matérielle de l’esprit et du corps.Nel suo libro del 1997, Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again, Andy Clark si serve della nozione di “embodied, active cognition (cognizione attiva incarnata)” per spiegare il modo in cui un agente autonomo incarnato interagisce con il suo ambiente. Questo implica allo stesso tempo che: dal momento in cui le nostre menti, così come i nostri corpi, sono fatti di materia è inevitabile che noi umani nasciamo allo stesso tempo come cyborg, e poi che le interfacce uomo-macchina diverranno presto completamente trasparenti, al punto di risultare invisibili. Nella sua critica della causalità, Merleau-Ponty distingue tra azioni meccaniche e struttura. Quello che è particolarmente significativo nella sua argomentazione è l’idea di struttura, in quanto struttura propriamente vitale, come calcolo mentale o, come Merleau-Ponty la definisce, intelligibilità allo stato nascente. Questo porta alla conclusione possibile che quando gli esseri umani hanno a che fare e si servono della tecnologia digitale e anche della biotecnologia, ogni essere vivente si relazione con l’azione delle cose nei suoi confronti e vi risponde in modo tale da delimitare il suo ambiente (milieu). L’implicazione umana con la tecnologia può quindi essere compresa a partire dal fatto che esiste una rete di intenzioni significanti, che, più che essere dovute alla natura materiale di mente e corpo, sono vissute. (shrink)

Que la philosophie ancienne ait bénéficié de certains raffinements méthodologiques dus à la philosophie analytique n’est guère mis en question, même par ceux qui ne s’en réclament pas. À la grande époque de la philosophie analytique, certains de ses meilleurs représentants étaient encore fort versés en histoire de la philosophie et appliquaient leurs compétences analytiques à ce qu’ils considéraient comme des problèmes centraux chez les auteurs anciens. Cet article suggère à travers deux exemples que, s’agissant de Platon, cette attention n’a (...) pas eu seulement des effets revigorants, mais également déformants. Dans le premier cas, la méthode diérétique si chérie de Platon a été marginalisée par d’éminents philosophes analytiques qui l’ont considérée comme triviale et inintéressante. Dans le second cas, le problème de l’« auto‑prédication » des Idées, qui est celui de savoir si les Idées sont des entités qui possèdent les propriétés qu’elles représentent, a été considéré d’une importance décisive pour la théorie platonicienne des Idées. À cause de ses conséquences supposément désastreuses, mentionnées une unique fois dans le Parménide, on a pensé que Platon avait renoncé à cette théorie sous sa forme classique. Au cours des dernières années, l’importance de la méthode diérétique a été réévaluée et celle du problème de l’auto-prédication réduite à de plus justes proportions. Cela ne diminue pas la valeur des contributions des philosophes analytiques à l’étude de Platon, mais signifie seulement qu’elles doivent n’être acceptées qu’avec précaution. (shrink)

L’amitié représente un problème central dans l’éthique d’Aristote, mais plusieurs questions appellent des clarifications. En particulier, celle de son unité. On soutient ici qu’Aristote ne considère pas les différentes espèces d’amitié (amitié de vertu, de plaisir, d’utilité) comme les espèces d’un genre. Par ailleurs, le rapport à une unité focale de signification ( focal meaning ) ne permet pas d’expliquer leurs relations. Néanmoins, les types secondaires d’amitié ne sont pas purement accidentels: Aristote présuppose visiblement que sa définition de l’amitié par (...) les bonnes intentions et actions mutuelles convient aux trois espèces, bien que d’une manière différente dans chaque cas. L’unité de l’amitié s’explique ainsi par une relation de similarité entre les différents types d’amitié. (shrink)